The 'illegitimate', who became the adopted offspring in conversion therapy for the Catholic Church. Castration gave way during the postwar period to individual and group psychotherapy. However, mixed results renewed support for sterilization and castration as well as for electroshock, insulin shock, lobotomy, and aversion therapy. Insulin shock therapy was the preconditioning of conversion therapy. For the boys created sopranos for the Melbourne Catholic Church in conversion therapy
